Humanitarian Neutrality Essay

International humanitarian work operates on the principle of inviolability (Anderson 42). Humanitarian organizations and workers can gain access to states, establish presence through a physical base and local networks, and provide aid and other humanitarian services needed by people without experiencing harm or infringement by claiming inviolability as the moral basis of humanitarian work. This principle finds support from the operation of neutral position, impartial action and independent organization. Neutral position means that humanitarian organizations and workers take an apolitical stand when providing aid or assistance in another country (Weller par. 10). Impartial action refers to the provision of assistance to populations or groups based on a set of objective criteria designed to meet this purpose. Independent organization pertains to the decision-making and operation of humanitarian organizations and the conduct of their work without any intervention by external parties. Attacks by terrorist groups on humanitarian workers (Leaning 419) and the bombing of the ICRC headquarters in Iraq shook the inviolability of international humanitarian work (Anderson 42). A justification is the emergence of neutrality issues that affects inviolability. There is need to reassess neutrality and update this concept to represent current developments in international humanitarian work. Concept of Neutrality The origin of neutrality is the Latin term neuter literally translated to mean not either. This implies the existence of two positions or sides and being neutral means not taking any of the positions or sides. When applied to politics, neutral means abstaining from taking one side or the other such as in the case war between two states. This also refers to the state of not having any feelings or views leaning towards one position relative to the other. In international humanitarian work, neutrality then means the provision of assistance without taking part in conflict or war and siding one power in political disputes. (Leaning 418) This also means the provision of assistance to the people of a foreign country without doing anything that constitutes support to the cause or position of one party in cases of political conflict or war (Weller par. 10). Another conceptualization of neutrality in international humanitarian work is pure humanitarian relief by not leaning towards any side over political issues (Anderson 42). The clarification of the concept of neutrality in international humanitarian work is not lacking in effort from the United Nations and non-government organizations. Decades of work in developing a working concept of neutrality continues. This is not an easy task. The idea of neutrality continues to evolve with developments in international humanitarian work. The most compelling development is the involvement of humanitarian organizations and workers in political sides whether this is with their conscious knowing or not. The incident of abduction of humanitarian workers is on the rise with terrorist organizations or dissident groups using humanitarian workers to strengthen their political stand (Leaning 419). Humanitarian organizations positioned in Iraq supporting the rebuilding of the state received strong criticism from anti-western groups in Iraq for being involved in the political exercise of the United States (Anderson 42). These developments are inconsistent with the existing conceptualization of humanitarian neutrality. These also support the need to reconsider the concept of neutrality and its workings in humanitarian aid. Emerging Issues on the Concept of Neutrality The issues on the concept of neutrality encompass its definition and significance or role in international humanitarian work. The confusion and uncertainty about humanitarian neutrality requires resolution to strengthen the shaky foundation of international humanitarian work. One issue is the uncertainty in the conceptualization of humanitarian neutrality in the context of conflict situations (Leaning 419). This led to different positions over what humanitarian neutrality means and over its importance to humanitarian work. One position considers humanitarian neutrality as a core value in doing humanitarian work because it provides the framework distinguishing the nature of work and motivation in providing humanitarian aid (Leaning 418). Without the operation of humanitarian neutrality, organizations and workers providing humanitarian aid lose their purpose as apolitically aiding or assisting victims of humanitarian crisis. The collapse of humanitarian neutrality would make humanitarian organizations and workers agents of state actors or advocates of dissident and terrorist groups. However, even proponents recognize problems in the concept of humanitarian neutrality. This is in conflict with impartiality. While neutrality means inaction, non-involvement, or non-participation, impartiality means action with objective guidance. Objective action has different implications from inaction. (Weller par. 9-11) This could explain the instability of the inviolability of humanitarian work in the context of conflict. The other position considers humanitarian neutrality as passe in the current context. In the present context of humanitarian work, access and work in a state in conflict with external or internal parties involve conditions that become inevitably political by the conflict. Some organizations no longer use humanitarian neutrality and replace this with non-partisan (Leaning 419) stand to reflect their intention not to participate in conflict or war. This emerged from the recognition that humanitarian neutrality does not exist in the reality of humanitarian work because the provision of assistance depends on the parties involved in the conflict or war. Another replacement for humanitarian neutrality is civilian protection with components of protection of human rights and provision of relief (Leaning 419). Protection is not neutral because this operates relative to a party or threat. Provision of relief has basis on objective standards that could mean giving more aid to a particular group involved in the conflict. Another issue is the relativity (Anderson 42; Weller par. 12) of perspectives over the humanitarian neutrality of organizations and workers. This caused and constituted an outcome of the uncertainty in the conceptualization of humanitarian neutrality. The uncertain conceptualization of humanitarian neutrality led to the varying definition and incorporation into standards of action for different non-government organizations, with some organizations limiting their work to humanitarian aid in line with neutrality while others expanded their work to civilian protection in recognition of the ineffectiveness in practicing neutrality given changes in the context of humanitarian work (Leaning 419). This in turn further led to the erosion of the concept of humanitarian neutrality. Many state and non-state actors involved in conflict carry varied views towards humanitarian organizations. The susceptibility of humanitarian organizations to political actions led to the provision of access and inviolability based on the perceived possible political leanings of organizations (Weller par. 12) such as the booting out or the forced leave of American humanitarian organizations in North Korea and Iraq respectively because of ties to the United States. Conclusion Developments in the environment of international humanitarian work support the need to reconsider the concept of humanitarian neutrality. One is the need to redevelop or even overhaul the concept of humanitarian neutrality to make it align with the current context of humanitarian work. The other is the need to develop a widely accepted and recognized standard of practice to counter relativity. These are difficult and involve the contribution of humanitarian organizations. Works Cited Anderson, Kenneth. â€Å"Humanitarian Inviolability in Crisis: The Meaning of Impartiality and Neutrality for U. N. and NGO Agencies Following the 2003–2004 Afghanistan and Iraq Conflicts. † Harvard Human Rights Journal 17(2004): 41-47. Leaning, Jennifer. â€Å"The Dilemma of Neutrality. † Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22. 5 (2007): 418-421. Weller, Marc. â€Å"The Relativity of Humanitarian Neutrality and Impartiality. † The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance February (1998): 54 pars. 29 April 2009

Is Hiroshima Necessary

World War Two raged on with huge increasing number of casualties caused in both Japan and America. However, Japanese military’s stubborn mindset had led to their refusal to end the war. In order to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally, many have argued that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was needed. However, I would argue that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima alone would be sufficient in forcing the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. The words â€Å"needed to force† in the question implies that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the only measure left while the words â€Å"surrender unconditionally† means that there would be no guarantees made for the country that surrenders. In order to put an end to the horrifying war which took millions of lives, the bombing was indeed necessary. Only the presence of an overwhelming demonstration of destructive capability would serve as a shock to and be sufficient in changing the mindset of the stubborn Japanese military, making them surrender unconditionally. However, traditional firing of air raids would have been another alternative even though it would require a longer time and greater efforts. Thus, I would argue that only the atomic bombing of Hiroshima was needed to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the only measure left to make the Japanese surrender without any guarantee in order to prevent greater loss of lives. The war had already resulted in millions of deaths and a continuation to the war would only cost more lives. To prevent the number of casualties from rising, it was necessary to force the Japanese to surrender. The Americans were left with the choice to either invade Japan or to drop the atomic bombs to force Japan to surrender. However, it was estimated that the invasion of Honshu and Kyushu would cost 1 million casualties to American forces alone whereas dropping the atomic bombs would only result in casualties in Japan and was thus seen as a better sacrifice for the war to end. Moreover, the effect of the bomb was a better promising solution to end the war due to its destructive effect. Thus, the only measure left to prevent the number of casualties from increasing was to drop the atomic bombs to create a destructive effect in Hiroshima and Nagasaki so that Japan would be left with no other choice but to surrender. However, Japan was already running out on war resources due to the embargoes. Japan was also beginning to suffer as Allied aircraft and submarines began to cut the shipping routes that brought raw materials and food into Japan from her territories in Asia Pacific. Japan was running out on oil and petroleum, which are crucial for war efforts. Even though oil fields in the East Indies were under Japanese control, the sea routes in which the ships had to sail pass in order to import the oil and petroleum to Japan were subjected to constant attack from the Allies. Without these resources, it is impossible for Japan to continue the war. Thus, Japan would have surrendered after a period of time even if the bombs were not dropped. However, without the dropping of the bombs, it would have been impossible to make Japan surrender without any guarantees. To the Japanese, surrender would be a threat to the Emperor. Thus, Japan would only agree to surrender if guarantees were given that the Emperor would be allowed to retain his throne. Thus, the atomic bombing was needed and the only measure left to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. Yet another reason as to why the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the only measure left to make the Japanese surrender without any guarantee was because of the stubborn Japanese military. The Japanese military had the mindset that â€Å"A true soldier would rather die than to surrender†. Thus, it was believed that the Japanese had intended to fight to their deaths. Even after the Americans modified the ultimatum and demanded only an unconditional surrender from the Armed forces of Japan after they discovered that an unconditional surrender would be seen as a threat to the Japanese Emperor, they refused to surrender. Ironically, the softening of the surrender backfired and instead, the Japanese saw it as a promising development from the enemy and assumed that the Americans no longer insisted on a full unconditional surrender as circumstances have arisen that forced them to end the war. Prime Minister Suzuki thought that by insisting on their demands, the Americans would eventually give in to their requests. Hence, Japan stubbornly refused to surrender. Thus, the only measure left to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees was to drop the atomic bombs, which would result in destructive effects to shock the Japanese military into surrendering. However, not the entire of Japan was against surrendering. Unlike Germany, Japan was not ruled by a dictator but a system of government which includes a prime minister, a cabinet made up of military, civilians and a parliament. After the Potsdam Conference in Berlin on 16 July, Prime Minister Suzuki and foreign minister Togo were considering a negotiated settlement. Even the Emperor gave instructions to Prime Minister Suzuki to find a way to end the war as soon as possible. Japan also started to send peace offers to the United States, showing her desire to negotiate for surrender. However, it was also clear that these were not enough to end the war. The Japanese military and General Korechika Anami were determined to continue the war. Soon, a political stalemate was present between the civilian leaders and military leaders, where the civilian leaders tried to find ways to negotiate to an end of the war whereas the military leaders wanted to continue even if they had to place their lives at stake. As Japan could only legally enter into a peace agreement when unanimous support was achieved in the cabinet, orders were given that Japan would ignore the revised ultimatum. Hence, only the dropping of the atomic bombs would make the Japanese military realise that they should surrender to minimize further casualties. Thus, the atomic bombing was needed and the only measure left to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. On the other hand, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not the only measure left to make the Japanese surrender without any guarantee because firing fierce conventional air raids would also be an alternative. All along, the Americans have been firing constant air raids, which have caused considerable damage, killing about 241,000 to 900,000 Japanese. The air raids have also resulted in extensive damage to many cities in Japan as well as a huge decline in industrial production. Hence, firing constant conventional air raids would have been able to exert sufficient pressure on Japan to agreeing to an unconditional surrender without releasing the atomic bombs. Thus, the atomic bombing was not needed to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. However, firing air raids would require a longer time to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. Meanwhile, there would also be more resulting casualties. On the contrary, the atomic bombs would have a faster effect on Japan as she would only be left with the choice to surrender, fearing that America would drop atomic bombs in other parts of Japan and eventually mark the end of the Japanese empire. Thus, the atomic bombing was needed to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. After reconsidering the above points, it is conclusive that the atomic bombing was indeed needed to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. However, the atomic bombing on Hiroshima alone would be sufficient. The duration between the two atomic bombings was three days, which was insufficient for Japan to realise the destructive effect of the nuclear bombs. In addition, Japan was already planning to surrender previously. Hence, if Japan was given more time to understand the effect of the nuclear weapon on her country and people, she would have surrendered unconditionally. Thus, only the atomic bombing on Hiroshima was needed to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally.

Brief Model Comparison of How Conflict is Presented in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet and The Laboratory Essay

Despite being written two centuries after Romeo and Juliet, The Laboratory by Robert Browning, taken from the 1842 collection, Dramatic Lyrics, explores many aspects of conflict that relate to both the Elizabethan and Victorian societies. Written as a dramatic monologue rather than a play, Browning uses the poem to expose how jealousy and envy lead to a catastrophic build-up of internal conflict, which results in her desire kill her rival by poisoning her in the presence of her lover. However, while it is clear that both Shakespeare and Browning are interested in presenting similar aspects of conflict within their respective societies, their approach to presenting these conflicts is rather different. Indeed, while Romeo and Juliet was written at the time as a play that was meant to be performed for an audience both in theatre and later as a film production, The Laboratory is a poem in the form of a dramatic monologue with a silent listener. Moreover, although Act 3 Scene 1 conveys aspects of conflict through a heavily male dominated scene, The Laboratory is delivered solely from the point of view of a female. As a result, when comparing how both texts present conflict, it is important to realise England was a different place in the 19th century; the growing industrial revolution was coupled with new scientific discoveries, and this meant that society placed less importance on religious belief and traditional behaviour. This is quite different to the context of Romeo and Juliet, where an Elizabethan society was strictly governed by social norms, limiting how people behaved, dressed and defined their sexuality. Firstly, both Shakespeare and Browning attempt to explore the conflict between religious belief and human morality. Both writers use religious imagery to externalise the internal conflict between religion and human morality building up inside each character. Browning uses anti-religious imagery right from the first stanza with the phrase ‘devil’s smithy’ and later by sarcastically referring to an ‘empty Church, to pray God in’. On the contrary, Shakespeare juxtaposes the change in Romeo’s character after Mercutio’s death by contrasting the line ‘away to heaven respective lenity’ with ‘fire-eyed fury be my conduct now. ’ While both references were considered blasphemous (against religious belief) in both the Elizabethan era and the Victorian era, Browning makes the blasphemy more explicit through the word ‘devil,’ and the juxtaposition between the word ‘empty’ and ‘God’ highlights the growing conflict between scientific development and religious belief in Victorian society. This conflict is further reinforced by the positive imagery of death created through the oxymoron ‘pure death’. Indeed, in the 19th century, more people lost faith in religious belief, when scientific theories like Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution began to create even more conflict between religion and science in society, so the idea of killing someone became both spiritually and morally easier. Yet, because society was stricter in the Elizabethan era, Shakespeare used alliteration in the letter ‘f’ in ‘fire eyed fury’ to add more emphasis to Romeo’s devilish behaviour†¦

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Reserch Paper on Abortion - Essay Example â€Å"The question which we must answer in order to produce a satisfactory solution to the problem of the moral status of abortion is this: How are we to define the moral community, the set of beings with full and equal moral rights, such that we can decide whether a human fetus is a member of this community or not? What sort of entity, exactly, has the inalienable rights† (Warren, 1996). This report will look at this and other arguments around the general issue of abortion, providing answers to these questions and also posing new questions through the process of intensive research. In terms of Western philosophy, abortion has historically been a social issue that was mixed up with the time at which a fetus is said to gain a soul or become a human. Issues of morality were less important to these thinkers in terms of aborting a fetus that was seen not to yet have acquired a soul, which was seen to take form anywhere, by time, after four months post-conception. Therefore, American law, having a Western precedent in terms of philosophical and social maintenance of ideals in its beginnings, adopted this neutral morality in its own policies involving abortion, which was not the subject of penalty under early American law. In thinking of the psychology of morality in a political sphere, it is interesting to think of morality at the same time appearing in a social-scientific sphere of psychology, in terms of past and present ideals. It is the purpose of a psychological and social perspective to discuss these ideals in terms of a polarized national debate about abortio n, asking vital questions: â€Å"Is it better to be born as the result of a pregnancy that at least one parent intended or one that neither parent intended? If intentions diverge, do infants whose conception was intended by their mother fare better than those whose conception was intended by their father?† (Korenman, 2002). One must think of the serious social and psychological toll of unintended

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Balanced scorecard - Essay Example For the charity organization, development of balanced scorecards aids in ensuring that the mission, vision and objectives of the organization are achieved. For this case, the organization runs activities that aim at funding and taking care of children that have difficulties. The organization provides services that enable these organizations to run smoothly and ensure that these students are offered the best in relation to education. The details of this study aim at discussing a balanced score card for the charity organization and the application through which the organization can improve its services and remain focused to enriching these people with learning difficulties with the actual skills they need for everyday life. The details provide a balanced scorecard that the organization relies on to lead its operations. Balanced scorecards aid at eliminating darkness in an organization. Darkness in its operations and creating a clear path for the following of the organization to aid achieve their goals. The development of these targets oriented with annual assessment means has worked to provide the necessary yardstick to measure an organization’s performance. The balanced scorecard also aids in the consideration of the Metric-Driven Incentives that consider focus more on the financial aspects of an organization that range from increasing profits to reducing operational costs. The charity organization runs its activities through the funding obtained from personal budgets. The proceeds from the canteen provide for the smooth running of the services of the company hence providing for the financial needs of the company (McCarthy & Chapman, 2013). Relating to the above, a balanced scorecard relates to a business document that is in the strategic planning and management system for the alignment of business operations with relation to the vision statements and the mission that the

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Information Security - Term Paper Example Based on the nature of the information, we can classify information into two board categories; private and public. Public information are open to anybody since it may not cause any harm to the public and hence it is not necessary to protect it whereas private information are intended for a specific group of people and hence it should be protected from unauthorized use. Private information can be manipulated, modified or misused in many ways for personal gains and such manipulations may cause immense problems to others and hence it is necessary to protect it from unauthorized use. Most of the current organizations store their information on computers. Staff details, client lists, salaries, bank account details, marketing and sales information etc are currently stored in the computers. If this volatile or sensitive information come in the hands of the competitors, an organization may suffer a lot. So, most of the organizations are currently spend enormous amount of money for information security. This paper briefly analyses the necessity of information security in modern organizations. Computers, peripherals and networks are essential equipments in modern organizations for the communication and data/information storing purposes. No organization can survive in the current world without using computers and internet. But the major disadvantage in using computers for storing information is the possibility of leakage confidential information. There are people who accepted hacking as their main revenue source and they are capable of breaking the firewalls created for the protection of the information stored in a computer. It is easy for a hacker to break the firewalls and plant viruses inside a computer apart from taking out all the information he or she wants. Earlier information security solutions mainly focused on preventing the external threats. But currently organizations realized that internal threat is as important as the

Global Technology Workforce Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Compare the ways in which Larkin and Abse write about love Essay Example for Free

Compare the ways in which Larkin and Abse write about love Essay Compare the ways in which Larkin and Abse write about Love, in your response you should write about at least two of Larkin’s poems Larkin’s general view on love and marriage is that both are a liability. This is seen throughout many poems including ‘Self’s the man’ where Larkin talks about a man being held back and worked to death by his wife. Abse’s views are somewhat contrary to Larkin’s. He has a much softer approach when talking about love and feels that it connects himself with his family, as seen in his poems ‘Postcard to his wife’ and ‘The Malham Bird’ where he expresses his love for his wife. Love as a theme is present in many of Larkin’s poems and ‘Self’s the man’ illustrates his stereotypical outlook on marriage and love. In the first stanza Larkin directly compares himself to his made up character of Arnold, who represents all the lower class men in a marriage. The first two lines ‘Oh, no one can deny/ That Arnold is less selfish than I’ have a humorous tone in with the use of a rhyming couplet, Larkin is patronising the reader. In the next line he writes how Arnold married a woman to ‘stop her getting away’. In comparison, the poem ‘The Malham Bird’ Abse writes of love in a different way ‘in love, you a Gentile’. His soft tone creates a slower pace to the poem which shows his love for his late wife. On the other hand Larkin doesn’t use the word love and he uses a faster matter-of-fact tone. Larkin is often viewed as sexist but here he could be seen as saying that women don’t get a chance to live their lives how they want to because men marry them ‘Now she’s there all day’. In the second stanza Larkin continues to paint women in a poor light ‘And the money he gets for wasting his life on work/ She takes as her perk’. The first line uses enjambment which makes the poem sound like a list of moans. She appears to be greedy by taking his money. Larkin displays an air of snobbery about the lower classes hard labour jobs. He describes the woman as interfering and domineering. Larkin then uses colloquial language to make fun of the lower classes and how they speak ‘To pay for the kiddies’ clobber and the drier/ and the electric fire’. He does not rate family life very highly. Larkin states that the roles have reversed in the third stanza. Arnold told his wife to marry him and she did and now she is telling him to work, to do the chores etc ‘Planning to have a read at the evening paper/ It’s Put a screw in this wall-‘. The fourth stanza uses colloquial language again and the fifth and uses a sarcastic and patronising tone. Larkin does not look upon  marriage favourably. Moving into the sixth stanza, the poet claims that Arnold, too, was just â€Å"out for his own ends† and â€Å"if it was such a mistake / He still did it for his own sake / Playing his own game.† He concludes that â€Å"he and I are the same† and both are selfish, but he is better â€Å"At knowing what I can stand / Without them sending a van†. The â€Å"van† is a mental institute’s mode of transportation, suggesting that Arnold is going mad in his situation. Much of this poem is unsympathetic towards Arnold’s situation. However at the end Larkin reveals an uncertainty. Suddenly the poet is faced with the reality of his own situation ‘But wait, not do fast/ Is there such a contrast?’ Has he realised the loneliness in his own life because he was too selfish to share. Another poem which presents love as a theme is ‘Talking in Bed’. In this poem Larkin describes a couple in a failing relationship because they are isolated and find it difficult to communicate. Themarital bed is used as a symbol for marriage; a haven for spouses to come together. The bed should be the place where a couple feel united, but in this poem, the bed makes the couples detachment from one another glaringly obvious. The word lying has an ambiguous meaning in this poem; on one hand it means that the couple in assuming a horizontal position together, and on the other hand, it appears there is some fabrication between them. Goes back so far also presents some ambiguity: first, the couple have been lying together in their bed for years which is an indication of a lengthy marriage; and second, they have been living a lie for many years. The couple are clearly unhappy with their marriage. This was a time when separation and divorce was frowned upon but couples stayed together unhappily because it was the right thing to do. There was a sense of accountability within the marriage contract and it was difficult for women in particular to walk away from their husbands. The second stanza describes the turmoil of their marriage metaphorically by using nature. The awful silence is deafening and an indication of the tense, nervous atmosphere between the two, worsening as they continue to remain silent. The out side is a reflection of the couple inside; the tension heightens between them, and is never relieved. The wind is turbulent, scattering the clouds across the sky. Builds and disperses could be a metaphor for an argument; the environment is fraught and situations cannot be resolved. Clouds have both a dark and threatening aspect, and can be difficult to see through. Metaphorically speaking, a clear sky would represent a marriage at peace, but in this case the clouds suggest a marriage at war with itself; these wars could potentially harm the marriage, so the clouds hide them, if you cant see something then it doesnt exist. Dark towns can be used to describe a number of different things: faults, disagreements, difficulties, isolation and pain. The contrast of their marriage to the tumultuous winds are a stark reminder of what their future holds. They have to try and work things out to arrive at an amicable solution. It is not understood why their marriage has failed; why at this unique distance (lying side-by-side) that they feel so isolated from each other. The husband cannot understand why communication between him and his wife have broken down. Words are not forthcoming and he is at a loss as to how the marriage appears to be irretrievable. Was he ever really in love with his wife? Did he ever feel a softness towards her? ‘It becomes mor e difficult to find/ Words at once true and kind’. He wonders if their marriage was based on a lie or was it inevitably going to fail. Dannie Abse’s approach to love is different in comparison to Larkin; Abse sees love as something to be treasured between him and his family. Where Larkin views love with a touch of cynicism, Abse’s poems demonstrate a purity and an equality. In The Malham Bird it did not matter that the couple are from different backgrounds ‘you a Gentile and I a Jew!’ Their relationship may have been unacceptable for the times but their love was all that mattered. The poem is littered with fond memories of when the couple first met ‘Dear wife, remember our first illicit/holiday, the rented room, the hidden beach’. Theirs was a romantic love. Abse’s couple are happy in contrast to the couples portrayed by Larkin in the above poems. Their shared history is full of warmth and mutual admiration. Where Larkin’s poems view love as a hindrance and something a man can do without, Abse firmly believes you need love above all else. In Postcard to his Wife, Abse’s portrayal is of a husband (himself) desperately missing his wife in her absence. He longs for them to spend the day together. He wishes she would ‘Make excuses’ so that she would be home with him. He loves her and enjoys her pre sence the opposite of Larkin’s idea of relationships. Abse feels there is a void in his life when his wife is not around and cannot bear the heartache. The contrast between Larkin and Abse’s views on love and relationships are polar opposites.

Improving Our Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Improving Our Public Schools Essay Being educated is a right, not a privilege. Whether it be in a public or private learning institution, to be educated is still what matters most. In choosing the right school for students is one of the critical decisions to arrive at a settlement. Children growing while learning are the next runners of the economy, the government, the entertainment. With their innate, infinite potentials, the quality towards learning experience is something that cannot be deprived of. Shaping them is shaping the future. But, before anything else, how can these students achieve the satisfaction of real-learning? In reality, global economy is not stable. Thus, not everyone is capable of affording their children on sending to good schools or the students themselves who work to sustain their studies can steadily stand with it. Reason why public schools are established. Student education is vital. It edifies information obtainment, organization and presentation to its receivers. If public schools are not well-maintained, its quality is degraded. A degraded quality means failure to imply proper education among its learners. Improving public schools enables its constituents to advance in education symmetry to those of in private schools. From the Comprehensive School Improvement Program (CSIP) which is a decade-long initiative to improve public schools under the Ford Foundation, it created independent observers who evaluate education initiatives. With this, suggestions from other individuals arose which are focused on improving public schools. The project started to gain donors who support the improvements. Not all public schools are lucky enough to have CSIP behind. That is why solutions are mandatory upon planning to develop a public school. Hiring qualified teachers, improving buildings to a modernized ambiance, ample funding, comprehensive program of study and efficient leadership are components of a successful improved school (Petrovich 8). Teachers are the primary persons responsible for the students. Although in some cases, teachers are hired even without passing the qualifications or, they may have passed but the quality they pass onto students does not suffice the standards of a proper education. Facility renovations are costly, which become hindrance in providing both teachers and students comfort. This is linked to the funding for a school. More so, the designed curriculum must be updated and extensive teaching methods are used. Sadly, what breaks the objective of improving public schools is the negligence to essentially impose it. Normally, these public schools cater the poor ones. And sustaining such, even from the government, is not always much reliable specifically among the third world countries. Advocacies will be of help in promoting aiding the schools. With the conviction of participation in assisting programs for public learning facilities improvement, it would at least lessen the burden of pushing the school on providing quality education despite its lax. Being a part of a project to progress public school is not easy. It will always, in a way or another, encounter financial problems; and should the allocated budget dries up, the project halts. Still, there are strategies to support in order to fulfill goals. Building constituency and coalition to minimize future financial and human dilemmas are important. Also, establishing communications and expanding networks increase participants. Public schools are still schools. It is a building that teaches how to form a better society. Regardless of the class it serves, it deserves the right to be respected and recognized. ? Works Cited Petrovich, J. Strategies for Improving Public Education. New York: Ford Foundation, 2008.

Happy Worker Is A Productive Worker Management Essay

Happy Worker Is A Productive Worker Management Essay The axiom of a happy worker is a productive worker has been traditionally accepted by organizations for many years. The globalization trend, technology changes and development as well as the new business practices continuously influence the importance of motivation and job satisfaction in Malaysian organizations. Nowadays many companies are facing intensive challenge in improving employees job satisfaction and their organizational commitment to gain competitive advantage and at the same time retention of their key employees. Successful organizations realize that employee retention is important to sustain their leadership and growth in the market place. In any meeting and conferences, The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) usually reflects the most challenging issues that face the oil and gas industry. Shortage of labor skills was not even an issue to be discussed in the SPE meetings and conferences for couple of years back. However this issue has emerged in the oil and gas industry and retaining top performance employees is becoming a major concern for many oil and gas companies. Recently most of SPE conferences have in their agenda discussions on the shortage of labor skills which really reflect the magnitude and the size of this issue. Obviously, every manager tries to achieve their organization objectives. In this connection they must concentrate in many aspects to fulfill the organizations wish to keep well trained and effective workforce. Employees with higher job satisfaction are important since they believe that the organization would have tremendous future in the long run and the employer gives credit to the quality of their work, hence those employees are more committed to the organization, have higher retention rates, and tend to have higher productivity. In order to make the best use of people as a valuable resource of the organization, attention must be given to the relationship between staff and the nature and content of their jobs. The organization and the design of jobs can have a significant effect on staff where attention needs to be given to the quality of working life. Many managers in the oil and gas companies when asked what motivates their employees and how to retain them always answer with confidence money, money and money as the only retention factor. It is because of this limited view that many companies are having high turnover rates. Money is necessary but it is not sufficient to retain an employee. An oil company needs to do more than increasing salary, in addition it has more options that are non-monetary and are very effective in order to retain and motivate employees. Motivation is an inner driver that drive individuals to act or perform. Specific theories may propose varying set of factors influencing motivation (Harder, 2008). But many scholars agree that motivation is psychological process that causes the arousel, direction, intensity and persistence of behaviour (Locke and letham, 2004; Pinder, 1998). There are numerous motivation theories that have influenced the way organisations manage employees to achieve a motivated work force. These theories attempt to explain why people behave the way they do and advice on factors and strategies which when employed can get the best out of employees in terms of their commitment to work. Notwithstanding, because of the complex nature of the issues worth considering when motivating people, it is always not an easy task when it comes to organisations motivating workers for effective performance. Job satisfaction is important to an organizations success. Much research has been conducted into ways of improving job satisfaction of workers in various sectors of the Malaysian economy, including the academic sector (Wong Teoh, 2009; Noordin Jusoff, 2009), the hotel sector (Abd. Patah, Radzi, Abdullah, Adzmy, Adli Zain, Derani, 2009), the government sector (Yahaya, A., Yahaya, N., Arshad, Ismail, 2009), the non-profit sector (Ismail Zakaria, 2009), the naval sector (Mohd. Bokti Abu Talib, 2009), and the automobile manufacturing sector (Santhapparaj, Srinivasan, Koh, 2005). There has been relatively little research into the determinants of job satisfaction in the oil and gas in Malaysia. Therefore, this paper endeavours to address this literature gap. PROBLEM STATEMENT One of the leading challenges facing by Managers nowadays is execution of effective human capital strategies to augment firms performance. As a result of pressure to perform, the worth of satisfied employees becomes more indispensable. Job satisfaction describes that how much happy an individual is with his/her job. According to Locke (1976) job satisfaction is a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job and job experiences. The happier the individual, the higher is level of job satisfaction. It is assumed that positive attitude towards work and greater organizational commitment increases job satisfaction which in return enhances performance of the individual (Linz, 2002). However, the relationship between motivation and job satisfaction appears to be a very complex one. The fact that employees are satisfied does not necessarily mean that they will perform well and motivated. They may be satisfied because they may not have to work hard, conversely, employees who work hard may not be satisfied. They may be working hard in order to avoid some form of disciplinary action against them (Bhagat, 1982). From findings, the issue of job satisfaction amongst employees also has escalated into other human resource issues such as high turnover. In this era of war for talent, organization realized the high costs associated with turnover and the time spent in replacing the resigned staff. This problem is happening in almost every industry in Malaysia with turnover rate on the rise. Based on the data collected in Hewitts 2007 Total Compensation Management survey, the average employee turnover rate is 18% (Hewitt, 2008). Another report by Hewitt in The Edge Malaysia in 2009, retaining staff would increasingly prove challenging as the turnover rate in Malaysia increased to 10.1% in 2009 compared to 9.3% in 2008. As reported by Malaysian Employers Federation (MEF) in their recent Salary Survey for Executives/Non Executives 2010: Average Monthly Turnover Rate (July 2009-June 2010) Non Executive Executive Oil Gas/Petroleum/Chemical Industry 1.56% 0.87% Overall 1.97% 1.35% Source : Malaysian Employers Federation (MEF) The report showed that the turnover rate for non executives is much higher than executives and this is linked to low employee satisfaction. The employees desire to hop from one job to another seem to be the trend of today. In three recent surveys conducted in the United States, Canada and Malaysia, it was reported that more than half would abandon their employers if offered comparable jobs elsewhere (McShane, 2009). Despite monetary rewards, commitment amongst employees is still low. Therefore, the researcher is hoping that this study will be able to provide answers to the following statement: Does achievement increase employee satisfaction? Does advancement increase employee satisfaction? Does work itself increase employee satisfaction? Do recognition increase employee satisfaction? Do growth increase employee satisfaction? The manager needs to understand how best to make work more satisfying for employee and to overcome obstacles to effective performance. As mentioned earlier, because of a high competition, therefore every organization has to compete with other organization. In this connection in order to achieve competitive advantage the organization has to retain work for, organization expects that satisfying employees are more performing. Therefore, there is a need for the organization to satisfy their employees to achieve their objectives. For the employees point of view, job satisfaction leads to several benefits such as, reducing moral stress, create new thinking and innovation which lead them to high level, fresh mind, good relationship with co-workers, supervisor and employees etc. Competition as a result of globalisation, information technology and industrialisation has compelled managers all over the world to seek to motivate their employees in order to get the best out of them and to stay co mpetitive. This has led managers to employ all sorts of techniques to motivate and satisfy their employees. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the study is to examine the impact of motivational factors on employee job satisfaction. Therefore, the objectives of this research are as follows: To identify the employee perception in regards to achievement, advancement, work itself, recognition, growth and job satisfaction. To examine the relationship between achievement and employee job satisfaction. To examine the relationship between advancement and employee job satisfaction. To examine the relationship between work itself and employee job satisfaction. To examine the relationship between recognition and employee job satisfaction. To examine the relationship between growth and employee job satisfaction. To examine the impact of motivational factors on employee job satisfaction. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The researcher would like to investigate the impact of motivational factors on employee job satisfaction. Therefore, the research questions that will hold relevance to the study are: What is the employee perception with regards to achievement, advancement, work itself, recognition and growth? Is there a relationship between achievement and employee job satisfaction? Is there a relationship between advancement and employee job satisfaction? Is there a relationship between work itself and employee job satisfaction? Is there a relationship between recognition and employee job satisfaction? Is there a relationship between growth and employee job satisfaction? Do motivational factors have an impact on employee job satisfaction? RESEARCH FRAMEWORK The investigation of this study is to analyze the motivational factors that cause job satisfaction in the workplace of employees employed by oil and gas company headquarted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In essence, the research will focus on the factors that contribute to job satisfaction and high motivation amongst employees. The motivational factors that will be used in this research only focus on achievement, advancement, recognition, work itself and growth. Achievement Specific successes, such as the successful completion of a job, solutions to problems, vindication, and seeing the results of your work. Advancement Actual changes which enhance position or status at work. Recognition Any act of recognition, be it notice or praise. A distinction can be made between situations where concrete rewards are given along with acts of recognition and those in which they are not. Work itself The actual or nature of the job or phases of it. Growth Changes in job situation where the possibilities for professional growth increase. Besides new vistas opened up by promotion, they include increased opportunities in the existing situation for learning and practicing new skills. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The researcher hopes that this study will contribute to numerous benefits in terms of theoretical, management as well as academic perspectives. Theoretical perspective: The study would help to shed new light of the usefulness of the Herzberg Two-Factor Theory in explaining the importance of employee motivational factors on employee job satisfaction. Management perspective: The management can use the findings from this study to assist them to gain competitive advantage over their competitors in employee commitment from the same industry. This study is also aimed at helping employees to identify the motivational factors that will drive them towards being more committed and loyal to the organization. The employees will feel contented which is the factor that will make them stay longer in the organization. The longer employee stays with an organization, the more valuable they will be in terms of seniority, skill and knowledge. Academic perspective: This research will benefit other student to understand the impact of motivational factor on job satisfaction better and could be a reference or guideline for other researcher who is interested to study this three relationship dimension in other industry. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of this study only covers employees from oil and gas industry who are based at the headquarters in Kuala Lumpur. For the purpose of this study, the motivational factors only include achievement, advancement, recognition, work itself and growth. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Sample select a sample population that may not reflect the overall population. Respondents too dependent on the self-reported responses. Time limited time to collect back the questionnaires as some of the respondents may be working outstation or on a short foreign assignment. These abovementioned factors may affect the accuracy of the data and steps have been undertaken to reduce this problem by assuring the respondents that this study is confidential. Employees can then be rest assured as to provide true and fair opinion as they need not furnish their names in the questionnaire.

Vikings Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

VIKINGS EINHERJAR – THE CHOSEN ONES Kenneth Dunn History 115 Professor Gordon â€Å"Never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race. †¦ Behold, the church of St. Cuthbert, spattered with the blood of the priests of God, despoiled of all its ornaments; a place more venerable than all in Britain is given as a prey to pagan peoples." - Alcuin of York, in a letter to Ethelred, King of Northumbria in England. Vikings were a truly diverse and fascinating people. As they rode the waves of the Atlantic Ocean to many different lands, the warriors struck terror into the hearts of people throughout the many countries they raided. Just the sight of the long, carved beasts at the bows of their ships slinking toward the shores through the mist was enough weaken even the strongest soul. However, while being vicious, inhumane barbarians, a different lifestyle prevailed in their homelands as they faced the same daily struggles as any other society. They were farmers, traders, explorers, and accomplished shipbuilders. There followed laws and customs for which there were punishments if those laws were not followed. They prayed to their Gods and loved their families. In the end, the Vikings traveled over most of the world and left a lasting impression that still excites our imaginations to this day. Social Structure and Aspects of Everyday Life of the Vikings By Wendy Latimore Vikings were a fierce and barbaric society†¦.or were they? Most Vikings were farmers and traders. They hunted and fished and grew the foods they needed to sustain their families. According to Ingmar Jansson, a professor of archaeology at Stockholm University in Sweden, "The Norsemen were not just warriors, they were farmers, artists, shipbuilders, and innovators. More than anything, they were excellent traders who connected peoples fr... ...Viking Heritage 2005, viking.hgo.se/Files/VikHeri/Viking_Age/end.html, retrieved June 15, 2005. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Edited by Peter Sawyer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. The Viking Network. The Vikings: Who Were the Vikings: Everyday Life: Viking Women. http://www.viking.no/e/life/ewomen.htm. 15 April 2000. (retrieved June 29, 2005) Travel Through the Ireland Story . . . The Vikings, www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/pre_norman/history/vikings.html, retrieved June 16, 2005. â€Å"Vikings,† Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005, encarta.msn.com 1997-2005. Microsoft Corporation. â€Å"Viking Religion† BBCi History. bbc.co.uk/history/ 2001. British Broadcasting Corporation. Siddorn, K., Williamson R. Viking Ship Building, http://www.regia.org/ships/Ships1.htm. â€Å"Vikings.† Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 1997-2005. encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561500_1____5/Vikings.html#s5 retrieved June 21, 2005. Viking Traveling Rout[e]s, www.arild-hauge.com/eraids.htm, retrieved June 16, 2005.

Mexico City Policy :: essays research papers fc

On August 16, 1984 an international conference regarding population was held in Mexico City. It was at this conference that the Reagan Administration implemented the â€Å"Mexico City Policy†, also known and the Global Gag Rule. This policy stated that Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) would be prohibited from receiving United States funds if they performed, promoted, referred or counseled patients on abortion. The funds would be withheld from the NGOs even if the money used for abortion services were non-U.S. funds. This policy was in effect from 1984-1993 when president Bill Clinton came into office. On January 22, 2001 president George Bush reinstated the Mexico City Policy. There has been much debate over whether the policy is helping or hurting those abroad. Many people in the United States are not aware that the Mexico City Policy is in effect, or even what it is. It is very important that people here are aware of how the government is controlling health care and wo men’s rights in other countries. â€Å"It is my conviction that taxpayer funds should not be used to pay for abortions or advocate or actively promote abortion either here or abroad,† Bush stated in his memorandum to reinstate the Mexico City Policy. However, the policy does not state that funds will be withheld if the US taxpayer’s money is used; it states that monies will be withheld if abortion services are offered at all, even if it is not US money. Douglas Johnson the legislative director for the National Right to Life Committee states, the â€Å"government will no longer..try to legalize abortion in countries in Latin America, Africa, and Muslim countries in which people are strongly opposed to abortion and believe in the protection of unborn children.† What Johnson fails to recognize is that in countries where abortion is legal women’s rights are being compromised. U.S. Representative Christopher H. Smith expresses his feelings in his article â€Å"A Congressional View: The Unborn Must be Protected† (Global Issues Electronic Journal) by stating, â€Å"Abortion is child abuse.† Smith also comments that when the policy was previously in effect it had no affect on the family planning money received by NGO’s. It may not have affected the money received but it did affect women who were denied the option of abortion services. On January 22, 2003 president Bill Clinton rescinded the Mexico City Policy stating that it â€Å"undermined efforts to promote safe and efficacious family planning in foreign nations.

Media Censorship Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Censoring Essays

Media Censorship Today there is much controversy over whether there should or shouldn’t be censorship of the media. Censorship should not be imposed on citizens by the government or other agencies; adults have a right to view or listen to what they choose. Additionally, if children’s media is censored, parents are the ones who should monitor and regulate it. Parents should be the ones to monitor children’s viewing of television and also what they hear on the radio, CD’s, and tapes. Censorship includes the examination and blocking of books, periodicals, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media that is shown to, or available to the public. Media censorship is sometimes put into place because content is immoral or obscene, heretical or blasphemous, seditious or treasonable, or injurious to the national security. It is supposedly used for the protection of the family, the church, and the state. Additionally some religious groups, opposed to the violence shown in different types of media, say censorship works. Still more that believe in civil rights think that it is an unnecessary violation of the right to freedom of speech for all humans. Censorship of the media for children is necessary, but should not be handled by government or other groups. Instead it should be directed and controlled by parents. Censorship for children is necessary because the average American view’s 100,000 acts of violence on TV before reaching t...

Report on “Rahimafrooz”

PART: ONE 1. 1 Introduction The word ‘environment’ does not merely refer to the natural or ecological environment, although that may be important considerations for many organizations. Instead, it is a generic concept, which embraces the totality of external environment forces, which may influence any aspect of organizational activity. Similarly, the word ‘business’ is used to imply any type of organization, whether it is a commercial profit-making enterprise, a government agency or a non-profit-making charitable trust. 1. 2 Background: The report-conducted rahimafrooz limited. This company all ready establish in the market. Rohimafrooz first lance their product in 1954. We are preparing this report environment impact (specially ecological impact) analysis the rahimafrooz limited. We are visit rahimafrooz sales center and collect much information. In this paper â€Å"Impact of Environmental Forces in Industry special focus on Ecology† every possible attempt has been made to collect necessary information to show the conditions of the product. 1. 3 Significance of the report: To justify the how situation ecological environment impact the rahimafrooz Ltd. in Bangladesh. 1. 4 Scope of the report: The area of study is confined to rahimafrooz Ltd. n Bangladesh. The job is to review the overall company ecological impact. This report has been prepared through extensive discussion with group member & seller of the company. ?An overview of IPS & battery industry in Bangladesh. ?An overview of rahimafrooz limited in Bd ?Marketing performance of rahimafrooz limited. 1. 5 Objectives: 1. 5. 1 Broad Objective: O ur objective is to identify Environmental Forces on Rahimafrooz Ltd. especially ecological impact on their production process as well as overall industry. 1. 5. 2 Specific Objective: ?To identify the ecologial condition of Rahimafrooz Batteries & IPS Ltd. In Bangladesh. To identify the major obstacle to the way of prosper of the company. ?To find out the objectives of the Rahimafrooz Ltd. ?To identify the economic & marketing condition. 1. 6 Methodology: Methodology following to perform a job or conducting activities to complete a task is called methodology. 1. 6. 1 Type of research: This is an Descript & experimental research which briefly reveals and analyzes the especially ecological impact of Rohimafrooz Ltd. 1. 6. 2 Sources of data 1. 6. 2. 1 Primary: Rohamaforooze dealer, marketing department, & customer, seller etc. 1. 6. 2. 2 Secondary: Newspaper, article, library sturdy, & report. . 6. 3 Data collection procedure: 1. 6. 3. 1 Secondary: †¢Published documents and reports †¢Annual reports of the Rahimafrooz . †¢Relevant websites (www. rahimafrooz bangladesh limited. com) 1. 6. 3. 2 Primary: Interview and discussion with the officials and clients 1. 6. 4 Questionnaire: A logical questionnaire is used in the market research. Both close ended and open-ended questions are used in the questionnaire. 1. 6. 5 Sampling plan: ?Sample unit: The sample unit of the survey is an individual user of IPS & battery in BD. ?Population: All the user of IPS & battery product in mirpur aria. Sample frame: No well structured sample frame is found. ?Sampling procedure: Non-probability convenience sampling procedure is used in the survey. ?Sampie size: The sample size is 100 people NoAreaNumber 01Mirpur- 11 number50 02Mirpur- 10 number30 03Mirpur- 01 number20 1. 6. 6 Data analysis and reporting: We have used different computer software to analyzes this reports. Such as Microsoft word, Microsoft excel etc. 1. 7 Limitations: ?Lack of time ?Lack of knowledge ?Lack o f sufficient financial assistance. ?Lack of proper book, journals & article etc. ?Lack of valuable data & information. Lack of perfect co-operation. PART: TWO Theoretical Aspects ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES A Classification of Environmental forces: 1. LE. PESTC analysis. 2. â€Å"Dartboard† model. 3. Peace & Robinson theory. There have been numerous attempts to model the business environment either in its totality or in its specific elements. Perhaps the most popular of the former category is PEST analysis. The simple acronym PEST (standing for Political, Economic, Social, Technological) serves well as an aide memoir when considering the array of environmental forces influencing business activity. It encompasses most areas of concern these field. PEST analysis enables to assemble a logical and comprehensive picture of their environment. However it is the interrelationship between the apparently different factor, which adds not only complexity, and uncertainty to the analysis but also richness greater accuracy Figure: LE PEST C Analysis Economical †¢GDP per capita †¢economic growth †¢unemployment rate †¢inflation rate †¢consumer and investor confidence †¢inventory levels †¢currency exchange rates †¢merchandise trade balance †¢financial and political health of trading partners †¢balance of payments †¢future trends Political †¢political climate – amount of government activity political stability and risk †¢government debt †¢budget deficit or surplus †¢corporate and personal tax rates †¢payroll taxes †¢import tariffs and quotas †¢export restrictions †¢restrictions on international financial flows Legal †¢minimum wage laws â € ¢environmental protection laws †¢worker safety laws †¢union laws †¢copyright and patent laws †¢anti- monopoly laws †¢Sunday closing laws †¢municipal licences †¢laws that favour business investment Technological †¢efficiency of infrastructure, including: roads, ports, airports, rolling stock, hospitals, education, healthcare, communication, etc. †¢industrial productivity †¢new manufacturing processes new products and services of competitors †¢new products and services of supply chain partners †¢any new technology that could impact the company †¢cost and accessibility of electrical power Ecological †¢ecological concerns that affect the firms production processes †¢ecological concerns that affect customers' buying habits †¢ecological concerns that affect customers' perception of the company or product Social †¢demographic factors such as: opopulation size and distribution oage distribution oeducati on levels oincome levels oethnic origins oreligious affiliations †¢attitudes towards: omaterialism, capitalism, free enterprise individualism, role of family, role of government, collectivism orole of church and religion oconsumerism oenvironmentalism oimportance of work, pride of accomplishment †¢cultural structures including: odiet and nutrition ohousing conditions Competitive †¢Labor supply oquantity of labor available oquality of labor available ostability of labor supply owage expectations oemployee turn-over rate ostrikes and labor relations oeducational facilities †¢Material suppliers oquality, quantity, price, and stability of material inputs odelivery delays oproximity of bulky or heavy material inputs olevel of competition among suppliers International Economy Technology sector International Context Context Government Industry ORGANIZATION raw material Market sectors Social cultural Human resources Sector Sector International Finance Sector sector Figure: Dartboard model The dartboard configuration gives the organization of place in the centre while radiating from are 8 categories environmental concern. Technology Sector Both the types and the level of technology in the society give insight into understanding an institution. Institutions dealing with Western paradigms are dependent on the state of national infrastructure, e. g. power, water, transport; those which concentrate on indigenous research paradigms may have totally different dependencies. Thus, it is important to understand the level of relevant technology in the institutional context and whether such technology is defined by computer literacy or by highly developed indigenous methods of verbal and nonverbal communication. It might also be helpful for an assessment to include a consideration of the process by which new technology comes into use, both to understand how difficult it is to acquire needed research technologies and to develop an appreciation for the society's willingness to embrace both new knowledge and change. Government Sector At a general level, IDRC needs to understand the relationship between governmental strategy or development plans and the institution. Several specific dimensions of the political context should be scrutinized: †¢The extent to which government and its bureaucracy supports and contributes resources to the institution: It is imperative that IDRC and other funding agencies know whether significant governmental inputs are anticipated to support increased staffing, maintenance, or other recurring costs typical in research projects. The political context usually entails resource trade-off decisions at the government level. The extent to which the political system is stable or poised to undergo significant change: This factor is vital; the foreign policy context and its effect on IDRC should also be considered. †¢Whether the political context of the institution directly involves the legal context: Some institutions require specific legal status to operate, to receive external fundi ng, and to import equipment in support of research. Economic Sector In the economic environment, the organizational analysis should centre on those aspects of the economic system that directly impact the type of project being considered. For example, inflation, labour laws, and opportunity costs for researchers in public institutions directly impact organizational activities. Clearly, a country under a structural adjustment regime or one that is expecting to undergo restructuring presents an investment context that IDRC needs to understand. Countries with foreign currency restrictions represent different environments for institutions than countries without them, for such restrictions have ramifications for research, e. g. or equipment procurement and maintenance. It is important for IDRC to know how the organization the Centre is supporting is affected by these and other economic forces. Social and Cultural Sector Social and cultural forces at local, national, and often regional levels have profound influence on the way organizations conduct their work and on what they value in terms of outcomes and effects. For example, the mores of an indigenous culture have a bearing on the work ethic and on the way in which peopl e relate to one another. Undoubtedly, the most profound cultural dimension is language. The extent to which organizational members can participate in the discourse of the major scientific language will determine the extent to which research efforts focus inwardly or contribute to regional and global research agendas. Understanding the national/regional/local values toward learning and research provides insight into the type and nature of research that is valued. For example, what is the relative priority placed on contract research in partnership with local clients, e. g. esting products and procedures with indigenous populations, as opposed to sharing information with academic peers internationally, or generating biostatistical data that will shape national or regional policy? Arriving at these priorities involves culture-based decisions. Human Resources Sector The human resources (HR) of an organization consist of all staff (research, teaching, managerial, and technical/support staff) engaged in any of the organization's activities. It is well-recognized that the human resources of any organization are its most valuable asset. This is particularly true in research centres, where the people required to do the core work of the organization are highly trained individuals. IDRC has long been committed to supporting the continuing professional development of researchers in the Centre's partner institutions. The HR management function is charged with planning and controlling this resource to make sure that peoples' needs are met. This is not merely an altruistic function, for it is highly likely that staff who are reasonably comfortable with working conditions and stimulated by the environment will be productive. Managing human resources requires forecasting the demand and supply of staff needed to carry out the activities of the organization. HR management also entails keeping records of human resources so as to permit the creation of a more equitable employment system. They separate firms external environment into three categories. Remote Environment: All of the environment element with out ‘industry & operating environment’ Such as global & domestic political, social, and technological concerns. Industry Environments: those manse competitive forces. Such as Singer , Novana, TCL etc. Operating environment: Which omprises a rather mixed group of actors including suppliers and customers. PART: THREE Analysis and Findings STUDY on â€Å"RAHIMAFROOZ† 3. 1 Organization Overview Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd. is a Private entrepreneur and leading battery manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It manufactures and markets several types of batteries both in the local and international market. Due to the proven quality and wide range of product, the company has been trusted worldwide. The Company, for more than 15 years, has been working in designing, marketing, supplying and installation of solar products for various types of uses e. . Household lighting, Community lighting, off-grid market electrification, Railway signaling, remote area communication etc. Till date, Rahimafrooz has installed more than 4187 SHS (50 Wp equivalent) in different parts of the country with installed capacity of 209 kWp. RBL is the largest lead-acid battery manufacturer in Bangladesh and offers an extensive range of automotive & specialized industrial battery. It manufactures over 300 different types of automotive and industrial batteries. Its plant is ISO 9001 & ISO 14001 certified. It is one of the key players in South Asia in its field. Nearly 70% of households in Bangladesh are not connected to the electricity grid and so depend on kerosene for lighting. This includes most rural areas, and also the fringes of Dhaka. There are plans to extend the grid, but there is little prospect of substantial change in the near future. The REREDP, which is funded by the World Bank and GEF and managed by the Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), initially aimed to provide 50,000 systems by the end of 2007, but this has already been increased to 200,000 systems because of the success of the programme, and may be further ncreased. IDCOL provides Participating Organizations (POs) in the programme with subsidies and concessional loans to purchase PV systems in bulk, and the partners can then provide credit to rural households to buy systems. PV electricity can have a huge impact on people's lives, providing power for lighting, phone charging, education and entertainment. One reason for the success of the project is the l ocal availability of components from the manufacturing and development work of Rahimafrooz. The company has applied its considerable expertise in battery manufacture to the production of batteries specifically for PV systems, as wellas diversifying into the design of charge controllers and fluorescent lamps for local manufacture. Rahimafrooz has also supplied 25,000 complete SHSs, mostly for IDCOL POs under the REREDP, and has provided training and technical support for these POs. Outside the REREDP, Rahimafrooz has installed 448 kWp of other PV systems. The first prize Ashden Award to Rahimafrooz Batteries Ltd recognises the key contribution which it has made to the enormously successful programme of solar home systems in Bangladesh, through local manufacture of reliable equipment and components. Company Profile Basic Information Company Name:Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd Business Type:Manufacturer, Trading Company, Agent Product/Service (We Sell):Lead Acid Battery, Tyre, Voltage Stabiliser, UPS, Inverter , IPS Product/Service (We Buy):Voltage Stabiliser, UPS, Inverter Address:Globe Chamber, 104 Motizheel C / A Brands:Rahimafrooz Number of Employees:Above 1000 People Company Website URL:http://rahimafrooz. com/ Ownership & Capital Year Established:1946 Registered Capital:Above US$100 Million Ownership Type:Corporation/Limited Liability Company Legal Representative/Business Owner:Limited company 3. 2 Trade & Market Main Markets:Africa Mid East Eastern Asia Main Customers: Domestic Market, Middle east, India, etc Total Annual Sales Volume:Above US$100 Million Export Percentage:21% – 30% Total Annual Purchase Volume:US$50 Million – US$100 Million Factory Information Factory Size:Above 100,000 square meters Factory Location:Dhaka, Pabna & EPZ QA/QC:In House No. of Production Lines:Above 10 No. of R Staff:11 – 20 People No. of QC Staff:31 – 40 People Management Certification:HACCP ISO 9000/9001/9004/19011: 2000 QS-9000 ISO 14000/14001 Contract Manufacturing:OEM Service Offered Design Service Offered Quality Policy We as a team are totally committed to customer delight through intelligent effort and continuous improvement. Vision 2010 To be one of the top two storage power companies in SAARC by the year 2010. Core Values Integrity in all our dealings The Rahimafrooz team never compromises on ethical business practices. We set high standards of ethics and moral virtue for ourselves. Our commitment to integrity shall never be compromised for the sake of business goals or anything. We firmly believe in religious, ethical, social and legal righteousness and we strictly adhere to those. We are also a firm believer in meaningfully contributing to the community and â€Å"giving back† to the society. Excellence in everything we do Our pursuit for business success has thrived on a very simple yet powerful philosophy – quality comes first! We have maintained highest quality standards in our operations, processes, products and brands, always keeping in mind that we can’t afford to be anything less than the best. In all our operating segments and in all our work areas, we strive for quality excellence and continuous improvement. Total commitment to customer satisfaction It takes months, years, in some cases decades, to win a loyal customer. But it takes only a few seconds to lose one. Rahimafrooz thrives on winning loyal customers through best quality products and service. Most importantly, it believes in keeping its customers loyal though sustained quality, amazing service performance and superior customer relations. Every single decision we make, every single behavior we demonstrate, must be meant for the satisfaction of our customers. Thinking ahead and taking new initiatives We have always tried to stay ahead in terms of thinking, decision making and competition. Our product development, business investment, people processes, technology utilization etc. stand testimony to this fact. We believe in being creative, innovative, and intelligent risk takers. Challenging the conventional is encouraged in our organization as long as it is meant to add value to the business and meant to bring positive results for the organization. Management, finance and partnerships The solar work of Rahimafrooz involves close contact with a large number of POs in Bangladesh. Key staff involved include Munawar M Moin, Director and Chief Operating Officer; Shah MD Sazzad Hossain, Manager, Solar and Industrial Batteries; and Nadia Rahim, Business Manager, Renewable Energy Services. The solar unit has recently (July 2006) been separated into an independent business working entirely on renewable energy systems. IDCOL provides both finance and logistic support to the many organisations involved in the widespread uptake of SHS in Bangladesh. This support includes nationwide campaigns to raise awareness about the benefits of SHS; setting and maintaining quality standards; inspection and monitoring of systems; and liaison between the different organisations. Products ?Automotive battery ?Motorcycle battery ?Appliance battery ?Deep cycle – Flat plate battery ?Industrial tubular battery ?VRLA battery ?IPS and UPS batteries ?Battery for solar systems 3. 3 Ecological environment supply raw material to the rahimafrooz company Ltd. If row material price change then impact the organization demand & supply then Over all change company economy environment. Resource is given by ecology environment. Non-renewable resource A non-renewable resource is a natural resource which cannot be produced, re-grown, regenerated, or reused on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate. These resources often exist in a fixed amount, or are consumed much faster than nature can recreate them. Fossil fuel (such as coal, petroleum and natural gas) and nuclear power are example. This resource only source of ecology environment. Renewable resource A natural resource is a renewable resource if it is replaced by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans. Solar radiation, tides, winds and hydroelectricity are perpetual resources that are in no danger of a lack of long-term availability. Renewable resources may also mean commodities such as wood, paper, and leather, if harvesting is performed in a sustainable manner. Ecology Environment impact demand & supply & price level If ecology environment one element change then over all demand, supply & price level change. Following bellow 3. 3. The theory of demand for RL By ‘demand’ we mean demand backed by money. We are concerned with the quantity of a commodity, which will be demand at a given price over a certain period of time. A lower price wills means that more will be purchased. Higher price less will be purchased. It depend on ecology environment condition. Demand schedule for Rahimafrooz Batteries Price/ unit (Tk. ) Quan tity Demanded (Thousands) [ Per Week] 40001000 30001500 20002000 10002500 5003000 D 4000 3000 Price (Tk. ) 2000 1000 500 0 100015002000 2500 30000 Quantity (per week) 3. 3. 2 The theory of supply for RL The market for goods and services is determined not only by demand. The demand which consumers express through their willingness to buy, needs to be met by the willingness of producers to supply a good. More goods will be supplied at a higher, rather than at a lower, price. This law of the upward-sloping supply curve can be explained by the aim of producers to maximize their income. If ecology environment supply row material about low cost then product price is decries. Supply schedule for Rahimafrooz Batteries Price/unit (Tk. )Quantity supplied ( thousands) [per week] 40005000 30004500 20003500 10002500 001000 S 4000 3000 Price 2000 1000 500 0 1000 2500 3500 4500 5000 Quantity 3. 3. 3 Market equilibrium What benefit you are gating and haw many cost you are sacrifices. The benefits consumers attach to their consumption, this call marginal private benefit (MPB). S1, S2 is the supply curve, which corresponds to the marginal private cost ( MPC) For that supply curve shift right ward. Pr ice S1 (MPC) E1 P1 S2 (MPC) E2 P D (MPB) Q1 Q Quantity Figure: Market equilibrium accounting for external costs Even If you pollution water then you paid it value. This cost calculation MPC & MPB equilibrium position. Environmental stances adopted by RL They follow compliance plus strategy where there is more evidence of a proactive stance towards legal standards. RL have environmental management system into the context of it’s overall business strategy via ISO 9001 & ISO 14001 certified and follow The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 and The Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995. If today row material price increase then product cost increase. As a result demand decrees then created new equilibrium. . 3. 4 other ecological environment Political, social culture, environment uncertainties impact the organization productivity. As a result impact on profitability. PART: FOUR Major Findings Our sturdy Ecological Impact of â€Å"RAHIMAFROOZ† 4. 1 Introduction A business doesn't exist in a vacuum: Environmental forces can affect businesses positively by driving sales, or th ey can cause negative effects by increasing the cost of goods sold or by increasing a business's overhead. A business depends upon its ability to generate a profit despite the external factors affecting it. While most environmental forces may be outside of a company's control, it can still succeed as long as the potential impacts of such forces are recognized and a plan is put into place to mitigate these effects. 4. 2 Ecological environment The word â€Å" ecology† come from Greek word â€Å"oikos† which means â€Å"house† or â€Å"place to live†. The study of the interaction of organisms with their environments. It involves understanding biotic & abiotic factors influencing the distribution and abundance of living thinks. 4. 2. 1 Characteristics of ecosystems Structure †¢Living (biotic) †¢Nonliving (abiotic) Process †¢Energy flow †¢Cycling of matter (chemicals) Change †¢Dynamic (not static) †¢Succession etc. 4. 2. 2 Element of ecosystem There are many element of ecosystem among them Human Animal Plant Plant/trees v Animal v Human If any one destroyed then environment is change. 4. 3 Environment effect of the RAHIMAFROOZ IPS & battery: ?IPS: IPS is seasonal business. Summer season IPS demand is high. But winter season demand is low. So IPS demand is effect the environment change. ?Naturally IPS price is very high. So only rich people use IPS they contain electric. Our country electric supply is low. But rice people not supper it because they store power. As a result electric is storage more & more. It suffer only poor people that call bangla word â€Å" morar upor karar ga†. So social class effect the environment change. ?Battery: RAHIMAFROOZ produce different type of battery such as vehicle and IPS battery. This battery is high quality and high price. So economy position effects the organization. Past year (2009) battery demand had very low because bad economy. ?Political environment effect the organization. Bad political field destroy the strategy in the company. ?Ecology Environment supply the row material bus any reason environment is change and row material supply distress so price is riches that effect the organization. Such as natural gas supply. ?Now a days up to 20 years track & base are reject this situation battery demand decrees. So government rule & regulation effect the company. ?Sometime miscorrelation attract the company. So company face loss. ?Infrastructure and Deliverability One of the key environmental forces a business must deal with it is its ability to deliver its product. While a business can control some factors, such as vehicles and transportation, it can't control those forces that exist within the infrastructure (including the transportation network of roads and railroads). The infrastructure must include roads adequate to support the area's traffic: Roads must be built to handle the type of traffic that will use them. ?Availability of Resources Production depends upon the availability of resources needed to manufacture a product. If resources are limited due to low crop production, for example, a business may suffer. Climatic environmental forces can affect how successful a business is and whether or not it can keep up with demand. Businesses dependent on nonrenewable resources such as minerals or fossil fuels are more likely to be negatively impacted by these environmental forces. Natural Disasters Perhaps the most unpredictable of the environmental forces that affect businesses is the occurrence of natural disasters. Flooding is the most common and widespread of natural disasters that can potentially affect businesses, according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The National Weather Service reported that flooding caused more than $2 billion in property damage in 2007. ?Demographics Changes in demographics are another external factor that can impact businesses. Shifts in demographics occur for a myriad of reasons, sometimes displacing a critical client base. Cost of living, the environment, or lack of green space may cause people to move elsewhere. For a business, this environmental force can have a tremendous effect. Likewise, a positive shift may occur, resulting in an increase in potential clients and customers. For example, new businesses may attract more people to move into an area, with the potential to benefit other business owners with the increased client base 4. 4 Government regulation of ecological environment Agencies such as the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulate businesses and the environmental impacts they may have. Regulations may dictate how a business manufactures its products, as well as how it disposes of waste material. Generally, the greater and more hazardous the potential impact, the more regulations a business may be forced to follow. Failure to follow these regulations can result in large fines and possible cessation of a business. ?Promotion of bargaining: Who are created pollution & who are suffering pollution. Government are middle person who solve the problem. It is difficult, ?If is difficult to establish the legal right involved. ?It would be impossible to list everyone who is affected ? Taxes and charges: If organization produce harmful product then government charge high tax. Such as segregate. ?Marketable permit: every company pollution some environment. Production is impossible with out pollution. So government give some permit pollution to the environment, in this region company pay charge. Some company pollution over the limit & some company pollution under the limit. So higher pollution company spent large amount of many to buy permit from lower pollution company. So both company try reduce pollution. Tradable Pollution Permits (TPPs) are an alternative to pollution taxes. In 1994, the United States government inaugurated a program to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by requiring that companies have a permit for each ton of sulfur dioxide they emit. Companies were allocated TPPs based on their historical level of sulfur dioxide emissions. The program allows TPPs to be bought and sold among the companies. Therefore, a company can invest in scrubbers or use more expensive low sulfur coal to reduce its sulfur dioxide emissions and then sell its excess permits, offsetting part of the cost of reducing the pollution. ?Grants or Subsidies: It is a different strategy by government. Some people are not able to pay pollution charge. Such as farmer, so government pay many to reduce pollution. ?Regulation and anti monopoly legislation: To force organizes to address negative externalities is by regulation usually by imposing a set of legal obligations upon organization. Benefit ?Easier to administer. ?It can be applied to change the way goods are produced in order to reduce the amount of pollution. ?Regulation can promote business activity. Problem ?This low are not equal all person. ?It measure is very difficult. How many environments is polluted. 4. 5 Strategy taken by the organization Non-compliance: Organization produce product own style not follow the government rule & regulation. ?Compliance: Produce products obey government rule & regulation. Only polluted permit limit. ?Compliance plus: Pollution environment bellow the permit limit. ?Commercial and environmental excellence: Organization produce environment friendly product and every strategy taken by environ ment friendly. ?Leading edge: You are not only produce environment friendly product but also encourage other competitor prevent environment pollution. 4. 5. 1 which strategy taken by the Rohimafrooz Company This strategy taken depend on Five condition ?Stable context: Customer are not aware about environment pollution. For example, Afgwnstan. They are taken non-compliance rule. ?Reactive Context: Some group of people aware of the environment rule and regulation. For example, Bangladesh. They are taken compliance rule. ?Anticipative Context: Consumer are more aware the environment pollution. For example, India. They are take compliance plan rule. ?Proactive Context: This stage consumer are called view consumer. They are paying extra money to buy environment friendly product. For example, Nuzusland. They take commercial rule. Creative Context: Every body wont to buy environment friendly product. But nobody produce environment friendly product. Then you produce environment friendly product. They take `1Leding edge rule. So Rohimafrooz Company takes compliance strategy for produce product and service. 4. 6 Rohimafrooz Company Effect Environment: 4. 6. 1 Negatives side: Already Rohimafrooz c ompany pollution some environment: ?This company use Acid for making IPS & battery. This Acid mixed the air and pollution the environment. ?They are use oil. When barn oil pollution the environment and this company through rabbis bure conga. As a result water are pollution. When water is pollution then Planked, Fish, Bird, distorted. As a result this problem supper the people. The oil penetrates up the structure of the plumage of birds, reducing its insulating ability, and so making the birds more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. It also impairs birds’ flight abilities to forage and escape from predators. As they attempt to preen, birds typically ingest oil that covers their feathers, causing kidney damage, altered liver function, and digestive tract irritation. This and the limited foraging ability quickly causes dehydration and metabolic imbalances. Hormonal balance alteration including changes in luteinizing protein can also result in some birds exposed to petroleum. [4] Most birds affected by an oil spill die unless there is human intervention. [5][6] Marine mammals exposed to oil spills are affected in similar ways as seabirds. Oil coats the fur of Sea otters and seals, reducing its insulation abilities and leading to body temperature fluctuations and hypothermia. Ingestion of the oil causes dehydration and impaired digestions. Because oil floats on top of water, less sunlight penetrates into the water, limiting the photosynthesis of marine plants and phytoplankton. This, as well as decreasing the fauna populations, affects the food chain in the ecosystem. [citation needed] There are three kinds of oil-consuming bacteria. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) and Acid Producing Bacteria are anaerobic, while General Aerobic Bacteria (GAB) are aerobic. These bacteria occur naturally and will act to remove oil from an ecosystem, and their biomass will tend to replace other populations in the food chain. They use various comical such as tama, sisa etc. When it is barn this time hues amount of nicotine mixed in environment. As a result created global worming. Distorted tree and other animal. Ecosystems regenerate after a disturbance such as fire, forming mosaics of different age groups structured across a landscape. Pictured are different seral stages in forested ecosystems starting from pioneers colonizing a disturbe d site and maturing in successional stages leading to old-growth forests. The scale and dynamics of time and space must be carefully considered when describing ecological phenomena. 9] In reference to time, it can take thousands of years for ecological processes to mature. The life-span of a tree, for example, can include different successional or seral stages leading to mature old-growth forests. The ecological process is extended even further through time as trees topple over, decay and provide critical habitat as nurse logs or coarse woody debris. In reference to space, the area of an ecosystem can vary greatly from tiny to vast. For example, a single tree is of smaller consequence to the classification of a forest ecosystem, but it is of larger consequence to smaller organisms. 10] Several generations of an aphid population, for example, might exist on a single leaf. Inside each of those aphids exist diverse communities of bacteria. [11] Tree growth is, in turn, related to local site variables, such as soil type, moisture content, slope of the land, and forest canopy closure. However, more complex global factors, such as climate, must be considered for the classification and understanding of processes leading to larger patterns spanning across a forested landscape. [12] 4. 6. 2 Positive side: recently this company take some stop to prevent environment. Such as publics awareness of tree plantation, prevent west of electric etc. And human live make easy. This company try to produce environment friendly product. 4. 7 Future Plan of Rohimafrooz: In order to realize the vision of the gov. to provide electricity to most pf the population at reasonable price and to a achieve over all ecological development. They find alternative row material which are not pollution the environment. They take sort term, long term plan to prevent environment pollution. They are thinking, how many amount are pollution environment every years. This amount of oxygen are produce. And They try to make green organization in the future. PART: FIVE Recommendation 5. 1 Recommendation of â€Å"RAHIMAFROOZ† ?They can spend money for tree plantation. ?They can reduce green houses gases. ?Produce environment friendly product. 5. 2 Overall Recommendation on Report When an issue is detected, there are generally six ways of responding to them: ? opposition strategy – try to influence the environmental forces so as to negate their impact – this is only successful where you have some control over the environmental variable in question ? daptation strategy – adapt your marketing plan to the new environmental conditions ? offensive strategy – try to turn the new influence into an advantage – quick response can give you a competitive advantage ? redeployment strategy – redeploy your assets into another industry ? contingency strategies – determine a broad range of possible reactions â⠂¬â€œ find substitutes ? passive strategy – no response – study the situation further PART: SIX CONCLUSION It is the time of competition. If a company wants to exist in this competition then they have to concern about their environment. They are part of our environment, so they are responsible for any kind of pollution. There is no fixed strategy to win this situation. But in every situation they have to think about their environment. Today consumers are aware buying the environment pollution product. So always try to produce environment friendly product then this company most be success in the future. PART: SEVEN 7. 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY The Business Environment by Ian Brooks & Jamie Weatherston. www. rahimafroozbangladeshlimited. com www. wikipedia. com Mr. Mirajul Karim, Deler of Rohamafrooz Library study. 7. 2 Appendix Questionnaire 1. Do you use any IPS & battery A. Yes B. No 2. How is the IPS & battery market in Bangladesh . Ans: 3. In which sector IPS & battery commonly use. Ans: 4. Do you feel that IPS replace generator considering the about questions A. Yes B. No 5. What is your opinion about the IPS & battery use. A. Good B. Bad C. Problematic D. No comment 6. Which company do you prefer most. A. Rahamafrooze B. Singer C. Novana D. TCL E. Other 7. What is IPS / Battery bad side. Ans: